Lung transplantation is an effective treatment for end-stage lung disease. However, perioperative infection is still one of the main causes of death in these patients. This article systematically analyzes the multifaceted challenges faced in the prevention and control of perioperative infections in lung transplantation. It reviews the recent year progress in strategies of preoperative recipient and donor evaluation, intraoperative aseptic technique and antibiotic prophylaxis. The strategies of multidisciplinary collaboration after operation and application of new diagnostic technologies are also reviewed. At the same time, it also looks forward to future research directions such as microbiome, artificial intelligence, and personalized immune regulation. The emphasis is placed on the improvement of the quality of life and prognosis of lung transplant patients through comprehensive prevention and control strategies is emphasized.